ATYPICAL RESPONDERS LANDSCAPE REVIEW ∙ OCTOBER, 2017 41 Targeted deep sequencing: “deep” sequencing refers to sequencing the same region of DNA multiple times (hundreds of times). This is required if the tissue sample contains a mixture of cell types as in a biopsy sample or if a mutation is rare. “Targeted” refers to sequencing a selected DNA region of interest. Targeted therapy: in cancer, a treatment that is aimed at a specific characteristic of a tumor Telomere: the tip of a chromosome that functions to prevent deterioration of the chromosome Umbrella trials: clinical trials that test the impact of different drugs on various mutations in a single type of cancer Vasculature: the arrangement or distribution of blood vessels in an area of the body Whole exome sequencing: sequencing of all regions of DNA that encode proteins Whole genome sequencing: sequencing all DNA of an organism or tissue sample Wild type: Wild type refers to the normal, natural form of your genes. Genes can become mutated during development of offspring and over a life time. Xenograft: transplant of tissue from one type of organism (say a human) into another type of organism (say a mouse) for research or transplantation purposes.